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BULLETIN  No.  191 


YIELDS  OF  DIFFERENT  VARIETIES  OF  CORN 

IN  ILLINOIS 


BY  W.  L.  BUELISON  AND  O.  M.  ALLYN 


URBANA,  ILLINOIS,  AUGUST,  1916 


SUMMARY  OF  BULLETIN  No.  191 

NORTHERN  ILLINOIS. — Continued  tests  have  shown  that  Western  Plowman  is 
the  highest-yielding  variety  of  corn  for  northern  Illinois.  The  other  leading 
high-yielding  varieties  which  have  been  grown  for  a  minimum  of  four  years  are: 
Eiley's  Favorite,  Griffith's  Early  Dent,  Eeid's  Yellow  Dent,  Heeker's  Eed,  and 
Funk's  90- Day.  Pages  409-413 

CENTRAL  ILLINOIS. — At  Urbana,  seventeen  varieties  of  corn  have  been  under 
test  for  five  years  or  more.  Reid's  Yellow  Dent  has  given  the  highest  yield  of 
any  variety  grown  for  a  minimum  of  five  years.  Boone  County  White,  Learning, 
Silvermine,  Riley's  Favorite,  Champion  White  Pearl,  Golden  Eagle,  Farmer's 
Interest,  Johnson  County  White,  and  Beatty's  Yellow  are  other  high-yielding 
strains  commonly  grown.  Pages  411-418 

SOUTHERN  ILLINOIS. — On  well  fertilized  land  in  southern  Illinois,  Funk's  90 
Day  has  given  the  highest  yield  of  any  variety  which  has  been  tested  for  four 
years  or  more.  The  other  leading  high-yielding  varieties  tested  on  fertilized  land 
for  a  minimum  of  four  years  are  Eeid's  Yellow  Dent,  Perrine's  White  Pearl,  and 
Chinese  Poor  Land.  On  untreated  land,  Champion  White  Pearl,  Perrine's  White 
Pearl,  and  Easterly's  White  have  been  the  highest  yielders  for  three  years  (1911- 
1913).  Pages  418-422 

A  BRIEF  HISTORY  OF  CERTAIN  VARIETIES  OF  CORN.  Pages  422-424 


YIELDS  OF  DIFFERENT  VARIETIES  OF  CORN 

IN  ILLINOIS 

BY  "W.  L.  BURLISON,  ASSOCIATE  CHIEF  ix  CROP  PRODUCTION,  AND 
O.  M.  ALLYN,  FIRST  ASSISTANT  IN  CROP  PRODUCTION 

This  bulletin  is  prepared  for  corn  growers  who  are  interested  in  the 
comparative  yielding  powers  of  new  and  old  varieties  of  corn  grown 
in  the  three  principal  sections  of  Illinois.  It  is  not  possible  to  say 
which  is  the  best  variety  of  corn  for  each  section  of  the  state,  but  the 
report  herein  presented  cannot  fail  to  be  of  value  in  making  a  choice. 
The  data  included  represent  the  results  of  about  fifteen  years'  inves- 
tigations conducted,  for  the  most  part,  at  DeKalb,  in  DeKalb  county ; 
Urbana,  in  Champaign  county ;  and  Fairfield,  in  Wayne  county,  Illi- 
nois. This  publication  should  not  be  regarded  as  final,  but  simply  as 
a  report  of  the  progress  of  the  work  and  the  results  thus  far  obtained. 

The  state  of  Illinois  is  characterized  by  wide  differences  in  climate 
and  soil.  Therefore,  varieties  of  corn  suited  to  one  locality  are  not 
necessarily  the  most  desirable  for  another.  From  north  to  south,  the 
extreme  length  of  the  state  is  about  380  miles.  The  rainfall  for  north- 
ern Illinois  is  33.64  inches  per  year ;  for  central  Illinois,  35.76  inches 
per  year ;  and  for  southern  Illinois,  40.25  inches  per  year.  The  length 
of  the  growing  season  for  the  northern  section  is  166  days;  for  the 
central  section,  173  days ;  and  for  the  southern  section,  188  days,  as 
an  average. 

The  soil  on  which  the  experiments  at  DeKalb  and  Urbana  were 
conducted,  is  brown  silt  loam;  at  Fairfield,  gray  silt  loam  on  tight 
clay.  These  fields  have  been  regularly  supplied  for  the  most  part  with 
phosphate  rock,  limestone,  and  either  farm  manure  or  crop  residues. 
The  aim  has  been  to  keep  the  land  in  a  good  state  of  fertility  but  not 
to  produce  abnormal  conditions.  It  is  believed  that  these  fields  are 
such  as  any  progressive  Illinois  farmer  would  maintain.  Methods  of 
culture  have  been  followed  which  are  strictly  comparable  to  those  used 
by  leading  corn  growers.  Thus  the  yields  reported  are  no  large7" 
than  may  well  be  expected  from  the  respective  sections  of  Illinois. 

NOKTHERN  ILLINOIS 
TESTS  AT  MYRTLE  AND  SYCAMORE,  IN  OGLE  COUNTY 

Variety  tests  of  corn  were  started  at  Myrtle,  in  Ogle  county,  in 
1903.  The  work  was  continued  thru  the  season  of  1904  and  was  then 
moved  to  Sycamore,  in  DeKalb  county.  In  1906  the  northern  Illinois 
crop  field  was  established  at  DeKalb,  in  the  same  county,  and  the  work 
was  moved  to  that  field,  where  it  has  been  conducted  up  to  the  present 

409 


410 


BULLETIN  No.   191 


[August, 


time.  The  predominating  soil  type  on  which  these  tests  were  conducted 
is  brown  silt  loam,  the  leading  type  on  which  corn  is  grown  in  northern 
Illinois.  The  results  obtained  at  Myrtle  and  Sycamore  are  summarized 
in  Table  1. 

TABLE  1. — AVERAGE  YIELDS  OF  VARIETIES  GROWN  AT  MYRTLE  AND  SYCAMORE: 

1903-1905 
(Bushels  per  acre) 


Variety 

Myrtle 
1903 

Myrtle 
1904 

Sycamore 
1905 

Average 
yield 

Biley  's  Favorite  

57  2 

455 

59  6 

54  1 

Eeid  's  Yellow  Dent  

595 

469 

544 

53  6 

Funk's  90  Day  

556 

42  9 

62  3 

53  6 

Learning    

544 

403 

63  4 

52  7 

Goldmine    

52  2 

457 

598 

52  6 

Pride  of  the  North  

52.0 

465 

514 

50  0 

Boone  County  White  

52.1 

37.8 

584 

494 

White    Superior  

47.9 

594 

Western  Plowman  

45.5 

61.0 

Champion  White  Pearl  

616 

. 

*  *   * 

Silvermine   

56.9 

Golden  Eagle   

56.3 

Farmer  's  Interest        

341 

Lockwood  's  Yellow  Dent  .  . 

62.2 

Western  Plowman  was  not  grown  at  Myrtle  in  1903,  and  a  three- 
year  average  therefore  cannot  be  given  for  it,  as  for  the  first  seven 
varieties  listed  in  Table  1.  However,  when  it  is  compared  on  an  equal 
basis  with  Riley's  Favorite,  Reid's  Yellow  Dent,  and  Funk's  90  Day, 
using  the  1904  and  1905  yields,  it  out-yielded  them,  as  shown  by  the 
following  direct  comparisons : 


Western  Plowman .  . 
Eiley  's  Favorite  .  .  . 
Reid's  Yellow  Dent. 
Funk 's  90  Day 


2-year  average 
Bu.  per  acre 
53.3 
52.6 
50.7 
52.6 


White  Superior,  Champion  White  Pearl,  and  Lockwood 's  Yellow 
Dent,  altho  showing  yields  slightly  higher  than  Western  Plowman  for 
the  years  in  which  they  were  grown,  are  considered  undesirable  for 
northern  Illinois  because  of  their  late  maturity. 

At  Myrtle  in  190-1  and  at  Sycamore  in  1905,  the  average  shrinkage 
of  White  Superior  was  6.4  percent  greater  than  that  of  Western  Plow- 
man at  the  same  places  and  the  same  time.  At  Sycamore  in  1905, 
the  average  shrinkage  of  Lockwood 's  Yellow  Dent  was  22.2  percent, 
and  that  of  Champion  White  Pearl  was  19.7  percent,  as  compared  with 
11.5  percent  for  Western  Plowman.  However,  the  yields  reported 
have  been  computed  to  a  uniform  moisture  content  of  10.7  percent, 
and  are  thus  strictly  comparable. 


1916]  YIELDS  OF  DIFFERENT  VARIETIES  OF  CORN  IN  ILLINOIS  411 

TESTS  AT  DEKALB,  IN  DEKALB  COUNTY 

The  variety  tests  of  corn  at  the  DeKalb  field  have  been  conducted, 
in  the  main,  in  a  rotation  of  corn,  corn,  oats,  and  clover.  Each  year, 
beginning  with  1908,  the  varieties  were  duplicated  in  each  division  con- 
taining corn.  In  each  division  two  systems  of  farming  were  practiced 
— namely,  grain  and  live-stock ;  and  each  variety  was  grown  in  each 
system  of  farming  in  each  division.  Thus,  normally,  each  variety  was 
tested  under  four  conditions  each  year,  and  the  average  yields  of  the 
varieties  for  the  season  were  made  from  these  four  tests. 

Since  the  highest  average  yield  of  a  variety  does  not  always  indi- 
cate the  best  variety,  and  in  order  to  establish  more  definitely  the  re- 
lation of  the  different  varieties  with  respect  to  yield,  all  are  compared 
on  the  same  basis,  with  Western  Plowman  as  a  standard.  This  at  once 
gives  a  definite  rating  of  the  different  varieties  when  compared  with  a 
leading  variety. 

A  summary  of  the  varieties  tested  at  DeKalb  from  1907  to  1915 
appears  in  Tables  2  and  3,  which  present  fairly  conclusive  data  as  to 
the  higher-yielding  and  more  important  varieties. 

When  the  basis  of  comparison  is  equal  with  respect  to  the  num- 
bers of  years  tested,  Western  Plowman  has  never  been  out-yielded  by 
any  variety  at  DeKalb  except  by  Will  County  Favorite,  which  has  been 
tested  only  two  years  and  is  the  same  variety  by  origin. 

As  may  be  seen  in  looking  over  Tables  2  and  3,  only  the  most  im- 
portant varieties  have  been  included  in  the  latter  table.  The  prin- 
cipal high-yielding  varieties  which  have  been  grown  for  a  minimum 
of  four  years  are:  Western  Plowman,  Riley's  Favorite,  Griffith's  Early 
Dent,  Reid's  Yellow  Dent,  Hecker's  Red,  and  Funk's  90  Day. 

CENTRAL  ILLINOIS 
TESTS  AT  URBANA,  IN  CHAMPAIGN  COUNTY 

Variety  trials  on  the  Urbana  field  reported  in  this  bulletin  have 
been  conducted  since  1901.  The  results  given  have  been  obtained  from 
the  various  trials  of  corn  grown  in  three  rotations  as  follows : 

(1)  Corn,   corn,  oats,  and   clover 

(2)  Wheat,  corn,  oats,  and  clover 

(3)  A  combination  rotation  of  alfalfa,  corn,  potatoes,  and  soybeans 

For  the  most  part,  the  yields  are  based  on  a  grain  and  a  live-stock 
system  of  farming. 

The  leading  varieties  are  compared  with  Reid's  Yellow  Dent  as  a 
standard,  on  the  percentage  basis.  Such  a  rating  renders  it  possible 
to  make  a  direct  comparison  of  a  given  group  of  tests.  The  complete 
data  are  reported  in  Table  4.  A  summary  of  the  Urbana  variety  trials 


412 


BULLETIN  No.  191 


[August, 


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Wisconsin  No.  7  
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Riley  's  Favorite  
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1916] 


YIELDS  OF  DIFFERENT  VARIETIES  OF  CORN  IN  ILLINOIS 


413 


TABLE  3. — COMPARABLE  AVERAGE  YIELDS  OF  VARIETIES  GROWN  AT  DEKALB  USING 

WESTERN  PLOWMAN  AS  A  STANDARD:    1907-1915 

(Bushels  per  acre) 


Variety 

Total 
number 
of  tests 

Number 
of  years 
compared 

Years   o 

n  which   comparison 
is   based 

Average 
yield 

Western  Plowman  

36 

9 

1907-1915 

inclusive 

63  9 

Funk's  90  Day  

33 

9 

>  }         j  > 

i  > 

58.3 

Learning  High  Ears... 
Learning  Low  Ears  .... 

33 
33 

9 
9 

a        » 

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t> 

j  > 

41.5 
49.9 

Western  Plowman  

28 

8 

1907-1914 

inclusive 

670 

Silvermine    

30 

8 

»         tt 

11 

58  0 

Western  Plowman  

30 

7 

1908-1915 

inclusive  except  1914 

62  2 

Reid's  Yellow  Dent.  .. 

38 

7 

;  >          J  > 

>  )                         !  >               11 

57.9 

Western  Plowman  

33 

6 

1907-1913 

inclusive  except   1908 

65.0 

Graves'   Yellow  Dent.  . 

21 

6 

a        » 

11              }  >         11 

55.6 

Western  Plowman  

22 

6 

1908-1913 

inclusive 

65.9 

Learning    

24 

6 

}  )         » 

j  > 

59.2 

Western  Plowman  

20 

6 

1907-1913 

inclusive  except   1909 

63  5 

Early  Golden  Surprise. 

22 

6 

»         >  > 

i  i              11         » 

54.2 

Western  Plowman  

23 

5 

1909-1915 

except  1913  and  1914 

62.4 

Griffith's  Early  Dent.. 

20 

5 

58.3 

Western  Plowman  

19 

5 

1910-1914 

inclusive 

66.7 

Wisconsin  No.   7  

20 

5 

}  •>         » 

>  t 

55.3 

Western  Plowman  

23 

5 

1911-1915 

inclusive 

62.6 

Hecker  's  Red  

20 

5 

>  }         » 

i  i 

58.2 

Western  Plowman  

20 

4 

1912-1915 

inclusive 

60.7 

Riley  's   Favorite    

20 

4 

>  >         » 

i  i 

59.0 

Western  Plowman  

13 

4 

1907-1910 

inclusive 

65.7 

Hackberry              

14 

4 

»         » 

11 

52.0 

Western  Plowman  

12 

2 

1914-1915 

inclusive 

59.7 

Will  County  Favorite1. 

8 

2 

t  >         >  j 

» 

60.1  . 

Western  Plowman  

12 

2 

1914-1915 

inclusive 

59.7 

Strout  's  Red  

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11 

57.0 

Western  Plowman  

7 

2 

1908-1909 

inclusive 

70.8 

Champion  White  Pearl. 

8 

2 

J  J                )  > 

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46.7 

aWill  County  Favorite  is  practically  the  same  as  Western  Plowman, 
originated  in  the  same  way.     See  history  of  Western  Plowman,  page  424. 


Both 


from  1901  to  1915  is  given  in  Table  5.  The  yields  are  calculated  to 
a  uniform  moisture  content  of  10.7  percent.  Reid's  Yellow  Dent,  Boone 
County  White,  Champion  White  Pearl,  Learning,  Silvermine,  and 
Riley 's  Favorite  are  leading  varieties  for  central  Illinois.  Other  high 
yielding  strains  commonly  grown  are  Golden  Eagle,  Farmer's  Inter- 
est, Johnson  County  White,  and  Beatty's  Yellow. 


OTHER  CENTRAL  ILLINOIS  TESTS 

In  1903  variety  tests  were  conducted  at  Decatur,  in  Macon  County ; 
Auburn,  in  Sangamon  county ;  and  Sibley,  in  Ford  county.    The  work 


414 


BULLETIN  No.  191 


[August, 


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YIELDS  CP  DIFFERENT  VARIETIES  OF  CORN  IN  ILLINOIS 


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416 


BULLETIN  No.  191 


[August, 


TABLE  5. — COMPARABLE  AVERAGE  YIELDS  OP  VARIETIES  GROWN  AT  URBANA  USING 

REID'S  YELLOW  DENT  AS  A  STANDARD:     1901-1915 

(Bushels  per  acre) 


Variety 

Total 
number 
of  tests 

Number 
of  years 
compared 

Years  on  which  comparison 
is  based 

Average 
yield 

Reid's  Yellow  Dent.. 
Boone  County  White.  . 
Learning    

193 
98 
95 
80 
58 

15 
15 
15 
15 
15 

1901-1915  inclusive 
)  j         )  >          it 

t  j        »          )  > 
>  i         >  >          » 
»         »          » 

62.0 
60.3 
59.2 
57.4 
56.1 

Silvermine    

Riley  's  Favorite  

Reid's  Yellow  Dent.. 
Champion  White  Pearl 

170 
66 

12 

12 

1901  and  1905-1915  inclusive 
»         )>         »       )  t         » 

61.0 
57.6 

Reid's  Yellow  Dent.  . 
Golden  Eagle   

171 
50 

13 
13 

1901-1907  and  1910-1915  inclusive 
j  >          )  )         »         >  >        y  >          » 

61.3 
53.4 

Reid's  Yellow  Dent.. 
Illinois  High  Protein 
Illinois  Low  Protein.  . 
Illinois  High  Oil  

164 
36 
•36 
36 
36 

13 
13 
13 
13 
13 

1903-1915  inclusive 

»        » 

»        >} 
1  1        » 
>  t        )  } 

61.8 
43.7 
54.9 
48.3 
49.4 

Illinois  Low  Oil  

Reid's  Yellow  Dent.  . 
Learning  High  Ears  .  . 
Learning  Low  Ears.  .  . 

157 
32 
32 

10 
10 
10 

1906-1915  inclusive 
»        » 

»        » 

61.9 
46.1 
53.5 

Reid's  Yellow  Dent.  . 
Farmer  's  Interest  .... 

22 
18 

5 
5 

1901  and  1903-1906  inclusive 
»         )  >        »       »         » 

62.8 
62.6 

Reid's  Yellow  Dent.. 
Johnson  County  White 

130 
20 

5 

5 

1902,  1903,  1909-1911  inclusive 

54.4 
52.3 

Reid's  Yellow  Dent.  . 
Beatty's  Yellow   

24 
12 

5 
5 

1903  and   1905-1908  inclusive 
»         »        »        »          » 

67.2 
63.4 

Reid's  Yellow  Dent.  . 
Chinese  Poor  Land  .  .  . 

132 
19 

9 
9 

1903-1911  inclusive 
j  }        »          » 

61.5 
54.8 

at  Decatur  and  Auburn  was  discontinued  after  1903,  but  at  Sibley  it 
was  continued  until  1907,  making  a  total  of  five  years  for  this  field. 
At  Mattoon,  in  Coles  county,  the  work  was  conducted  during  1904  and 
1905.  The  results  of  the  tests  are  summarized  in  Table  6. 

Of  the  fifteen  varieties  tested  at  the  places  mentioned  in  Table 
6,  Reid's  Yellow  Dent,  on  an  equal  basis  of  comparison  (the  same  num- 
ber of  years  at  the  same  field),  was  out-yielded  by  three  varieties; 
namely,  Funk's  Yellow  Dent,  Farmer's  Interest,  and  White  Superior. 
In  any  case,  however,  the  difference  was  not  marked,  and  not  much 
reliance  can  be  placed  on  the  two  years '  results  from  these  varieties. 

In  Table  7  are  reported  some  of  the  results  of  the  first  test  con- 
ducted in  central  Illinois  to  determine  the  yields  of  the  more  important 
varieties  of  corn  then  in  use.1  This  test  was  started  in  1888  at  Ur- 
bana  and  continued  until  1895.  The  yields  are  based  on  air-dry  corn 
containing  11  percent  of  moisture.  Boone  County  White,  Champion 
White  Pearl,  and  Learning  were  then,  as  now,  among  the  highest- 
yielding  varieties. 

Tor  original  report  see  Bulletin  42  of  this  station. 


YIELDS  CF  DIFFERENT  VARIETIES  OF  CORN  IN  ILLINOIS 


417 


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418 


BULLETIN  No.   191 


[August,, 


TABLE  7. — AVERAGE  YIELDS  CP  VARIETIES  GROWN  AT  URBANA:  1888-1895 
(Bushels  per  acre) 


Variety 

1888 

1889 

1890 

1891 

1892 

1893 

1894 

1895 

Average 

Champion  White  Pearl  

70.0 

94.8 

740 

7fif> 

65.0 

37.3 

51.0 

100.3 

71.2 

Learning          

86.6 

80.6 

69.4 

67.3 

70.1 

34.U 

G2.1 

80.0 

68.6 

Burr  's  White    

85.9 

757 

077 

677 

64.2 

38.6 

69.7 

79.2 

68.6 

Clark  's  Iroquois  

68.5 

81.9 

590 

654 

72.9 

30.7 

44.3 

102.5 

65.6 

Legal  Tender   

842 

689 

600 

568 

603 

33  8 

570 

890 

63  7 

Murdock    

803 

650 

61  6 

598 

57  6 

35.7 

48  1 

85  9 

61  7 

Edmond  's             

83  7 

663 

559 

58  6 

584 

28  3 

543 

80  1 

61  4 

Riley's  Favorite  

81.8 

66.1 

533 

56.1 

74  1 

38.1 

628 

522 

605 

Boone  County  White  

74.6 

89.3 

85.5 

33.8 

74.3 

73.2 

71  8 

Golden  Beauty   

53.0 

75.8 

63.1 

36.4 

31.6 

38.0 

49.6 

SOUTHERN  ILLINOIS 
TESTS  AT  FAIRFIELD,  IN  WAYNE  COUNTY 

Variety  tests  of  corn  in  southern  Illinois  were  started  in  1906, 
when  the  southern  crop  field  was  established  at  Fairfield,  in  Wayne 
county.  The  field  is  located  on  gray  silt  loam  on  tight  clay,  which 
constitutes  a  large  area  of  the  southern  third  of  the  state  and  which 
is  low  in  fertility.  Live-stock  and  grain  systems  of  farming  were 
practiced  on  each  division  of  the  field;  and,  with  respect  to  systems 
of  farming  and  drainage,  each  of  the  varieties  of  corn  was  grown 
under  each  of  four  conditions  each  season. 

A  summary  of  the  results  of  the  tests  at  Fairfield  from  1907  to 
1915  appears  in  Tables  8  and  9.  There  are  no  data  for  1914,  when 
there  was  a  failure  of  crops  due  to  hot  winds  and  drouth.  Data  for 
1906  are  excluded  from  the  table  because  the  yields  were  not  calculated 
to  the  same  moisture  content  as  were  those  for  1907  to  1915.  Table  9 
shows  for  southern  Illinois  what  Table  3  does  for  northern  Illinois. 

On  a  percentage  basis,  using  Funk's  90  Day  as  a  standard  to 
which  the  other  varieties  are  compared,  the  following,  in  the  order 
named,  yielded  the  highest  for  a  minimum  of  four  years:  Funk's  90 
Day,  Reid's  Yellow  Dent,  Perrine's  White  Pearl,  and  Chinese  Poor 
Land.  Other  varieties,  such  as  Sutton  's  Favorite,  Strout  's  Red,  Will 
County  Favorite,  and  Western  Plowman,  which  have  been  tested  only 
one  year,  show  a  promising  future.  Continued  experiment  will  es- 
tablish their  value. 


RESULTS  OF  EXPERIMENTS  ON  UNTREATED  LAND  IN  SOUTHERN  ILLINOIS 

In  connection  with  the  regular  work  on  the  crop  field  at  Fairfield, 
additional  tests  were  made  on  untreated  land  close  to  the  field.  The 
results  indicate  what  one  would  naturally  expect, — that  varieties 


1916} 


YIELDS  OF  DIFFERENT  VARIETIES  OF  CORN  IN  ILLINOIS 


419 


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420 


BULLETIN  No.   191 


[August, 


TABLE  9. — COMPARABLE  AVERAGE  YIELDS  OF  VARIETIES  GROWN  AT  FAIRFIELD  USING 

FUNK'S  90  DAY  AS  A  STANDARD:    1907-1915 

(Bushels  per  acre) 


Variety 

Total 
number 
of  tests 

Number 
of  years 
compared 

Years  o 

n  which   comparison 
is  based 

Average 
yield 

Funk  's  90  L>ay  

30 

8 

1907-1915 

except  1914 

41.0 

Eeid's  Yellow  Dent... 
Champion  White  Pearl. 

30 
64 
30 

8 
8 
8 

>  > 
j  > 

;  > 

>           » 

>           }  > 

39.8 
36.6 
36.6 

Learning  Low  Ears.... 
Learning  High  Ears.  .  . 

29 

29 

8 
8 

i  > 
>  » 

?           >  > 
>           » 

34.1 
29.1 

Funk's   90   Day       .... 

26 

7 

1907-1913 

inclusive 

40.6 

Perrine's  White  Pearl. 
Graves'  Yellow  Dent.  . 
Easterly  's  White   

26 
26 
26 

7 
7 
7 

» 
j  ) 

>  > 

» 
» 
» 

38.0 
36.5 
35.7 

Funk  's  90  Day  

26 

7 

1907-1915 

except  1909  and  1914 

42.0 

Boone  County  White.  . 

26 

7 

>  >          ;  j 

}  !             )  }          >  >         n 

35.9 

Funk  's  90  Day     

26 

7 

1907-1915 

except  1912  and  1914 

39.8 

Kiley  's  Favorite   

26 

7 

>  j         » 

>  >         j  )       »      » 

34.0 

Funk  's  90  Day  

14 

4 

1907-1911 

except  1908 

47.8 

Chinese  Poor  Land  .... 

14 

4 

j  >         >  > 

it         )) 

47.6 

Funk's   90   Day  

14 

4 

1907-1909 

inclusive  and  1913 

338 

Golden  Eagle   

14 

4 

t  >         » 

»           »       » 

28.6 

Funk  's   90   Day  

12 

3 

1908-1910 

inclusive 

47.8 

Native  White   

12 

3 

»        » 

» 

41.6 

Funk's  90  Day  

8 

2 

1912  and 

1913 

27.4 

Learning                   

8 

2 

»       j> 

» 

25.8 

Funk's  90  Day  

2 

1 

1907 

57.8 

Pride  of  the  North  
Hickory  King  

2 
2 

1 
1 

>  > 
>  j 

30.2 
30.2 

Worthen's  White  

2 

1 

» 

52.3 

Funk's   90   Day  

4 

1 

1912 

49.7 

Eed,  White  and  Blue.  . 
Einard  's  Native  

4 
4 

1 
1 

» 

1  9 

41.1 
49.8 

Funk's   90   Day  

4 

1 

1915 

43.5 

Sutton  's  Favorite    .... 
Strout  's  Eed   

4 
4 

1 
1 

j> 

» 

47.0 
44.1 

Will  County  Favorite.  . 
Western  Plowman  

4 
4 

1 

1 

» 

» 

% 

42.8 
42.6 

Hecker's  Eed   

4 

1 

» 

37.8 

grown  commonly  in  southern  Illinois  and  adapted  to  the  soil  out-yield 
those  which  give  the  best  results  under  less  adverse  conditions.  The 
results  are  presented  in  Table  10. 

Further  information  on  this  point  is  obtained  by  examining  the 
yields  of  Funk's  90  Day  and  Champion  White  Pearl  produced  in  1915 
on  treated  and  on  untreated  land,  as  presented  in  Table  11.  At 
Newton,  Champion  White  Pearl  gave  better  returns  on  the  untreated 
land  than  Funk's  90  Day,  and  on  all  the  treated  plots,  except  in 
one  instance,  it  produced  more  corn  than  Funk's  90  Day.  At  Ob- 


1916] 


YIELDS  OF  DIFFERENT  VARIETIES  OF  CORN  IN  ILLINOIS 


421 


TABLE  10. — YIELDS  OF  VARIETIES  ON  UNTREATED  LAND  AT  F  AIRFIELD: 
(Bushels  per  acre,  75  pounds  of  ear  corn  to  the  bushel) 


1911-1913 


Variety 

1911 

1912 

1913 

3-year 
average 

Champion  White  Pearl  

15.3 

5.3 

5.5 

8.7 

Perrine  's  White  Pearl  

11.0 

6.6 

6.7 

8.1 

Easterly  's  White    

10.2 

7.7 

5.8 

7.9 

Reid's  Yellow  Dent  

9.2 

5.8 

5.1 

6.7 

Boone  County  White  

9.9 

3.0 

6.7 

6.5 

Funk's  90  Day  

8.1 

5.1 

5.4 

6.2 

Silvermine      

7.7 

4.5 

5.1 

5.8 

Graves'  Yellow  Dent  

8.7 

3.9 

4.4 

5.7 

Learning  Low   Ears  

7.0 

3.1 

4.2 

4.8 

Riley  's  Favorite   

8.4 

6.0 

Learning    

7.4 

4.6 

Rinard's  White  Prolific  

12.8 

Chinese   Poor  Land  

12.2 

Rinard's  Yellow  Prize  Winner  

11.9 

Red,  White  and  Blue  

5.5 

Golden  Eagle     .            

5.1 

Learning   High   Ears  

4.0 

Rinard  's  Native    

4.0 

.. 

TABLE  11. — AVERAGE  YIELDS  OF  FUNK'S  90  DAY  AND  CHAMPION  WHITE  PEARL 

ON  TREATED  AND  ON  UNTREATED  LAND:    1915 

(Bushels  per  acre) 


Newtoi 

i  field 

Oblon 

y  field 

No. 

Treatment 

Funk's  90 
Day 

Champion 
White  Pearl 

Funk's  90 
Day 

Champion 
White  Pearl 

101 

O1   

4.0 

4.8 

23.2 

39.8 

102 

M  

5.2 

4.0 

40.4 

50.2 

103 

ML  

13.2 

18.0 

50.6 

53.0 

104 

MLP  : 

15.2 

20.0 

43.4 

59.6 

105 

0  

8.4 

9.6 

20.8 

36.0 

106 

R  

5.6 

10.0 

24.4 

37.4 

107 

RL       

11.2 

20.0 

38.0 

46.6 

108 

RLP   

16.0 

21.2 

46.4 

52.4 

109 

RLPK  

16.8 

20.0 

54.4 

58.6 

110 

0  

1.6 

4.0 

16.0 

30.6 

*0=no    treatment;     L=limestone ;     K=potassium; 
phosphorus;    R=crop  residues. 


M=rfarin  manure;     P= 


long,  Champion  White  Pearl  produced  decidedly  higher  yields  than 
Funk's  90  Day  on  all  plots,  both  treated  and  untreated. 

Champion  White  Pearl,  Perrine 's  White  Pearl,  and  Easterly's 
White  varieties  have  been  grown  in  southern  Illinois  until  they  have 
become  well  adapted  to  conditions  obtaining  there.  Varieties  such  as 
Reid 's  Yellow  Dent  and  Funk 's  90  Day,  which  have  been  grown  under 
the  more  favorable  soil  conditions  of  central  Illinois,  cannot  compete 
with  adapted  varieties  on  the  poor  land  of  southern  Illinois.  But 


422  BULLETIN  No.  191  [August, 

where  the  soil  is  enriched,  they  produce,  in  favorable  seasons,  larger 
yields  than  the  varieties  commonly  found  in  that  section,  as  may 
readily  be  seen  from  Table  8. 

A  BRIEF  HISTORY  OF  CERTAIN  VARIETIES  OF  CORN 

It  is  impossible  to  give  a  detailed  account  of  the  origin  and  develop- 
ment of  all  the  varieties  of  corn  mentioned  in  this  bulletin,  because,  in 
many  cases,  nothing  is  known  concerning  the  source  of  the  different 
types. 

Boone  County  White  was  originated  by  Mr.  James  Riley  of  In- 
diana in  1876.  The  parent  type  was  known  as  White  Mastodon,  which 
was  a  coarse,  late-maturing  variety.  In  1882  some  of  the  seed  was 
brought  to  Champaign  county  by  Mr.  0.  C.  Black.  The  variety  ma- 
tures in  115  to  125  days. 

Champion  White  Pearl  originated  thru  the  crossing  and  recross- 
ing  of  several  varieties  of  dent  corn  from  different  states.  Mr.  James 
C.  Suffern  of  Piatt  county,  Illinois,  states  that  he  used  for  the  cross 
Hickory  King,  Ohio  White  Dent,  Wisconsin  White  Dent,  White  Nor- 
mandy (from  Missouri),  and  about  ten  other  varieties  from  Iowa, 
Indiana,  Pennsylvania,  New  Jersey,  Kansas,  Kentucky,  and  Nebraska. 
The  crossing  processes  were  followed  by  about  twenty  years  of  con- 
tinuous systematic  selection.  This  variety  matures  in  about  110  to 
115  days. 

Chinese  Poor  Land  was  brought  to  this  country  from  China  about 
1898.  It  is  a  white  variety,  and  matures  in  100  to  115  days.  The 
seed  was  furnished  the  Station  by  Mr.  George  Olendorph  of  Marion 
county,  Illinois. 

Easterly's  White  was  developed  from  Boone  County  White.  The 
original  seed  was  secured  from  Mr.  A.  P.  Grout  in  1901.  Mr.  H.  G. 
Easterly  of  Jackson  county,  Illinois,  changed  the  name  to  Easterly's 
White.  Ordinarily  the  variety  develops  fully  in  115  to  125  days. 

Funk's  90  Day  was  originated  from  one-half  bushel  of  a  variety 
known  as  Little  Early  Murdock.  Mr.  E.  D.  Funk  purchased  the  seed 
from  the  University  of  Illinois  in  1892  and  began  to  improve  it  in 
1901.  It  is  a  yellow  variety  which  matures  in  about  90  to  100  days. 

Golden  Eagle  was  originated  by  Mr.  H.  B.  Perry  of  Stark  county, 
Illinois,  by  selecting  seed  from  the  so-called  Mason  County  Yellow 
corn,  beginning  in  1871.  It  matures  in  about  110  days  from  the  time 
of  planting. 

Golden  Glow  was  produced  by  crossing  Wisconsin  No.  8  and  a 
variety  of  yellow  corn  known  as  North  Star.  Professor  R.  A.  Moore 
of  the  University  of  Wisconsin  states  that  the  result  of  this  cross  was 
perfected  by  putting  it  thru  an  ear-to-row  test  for  about  ten  years. 
In  Wisconsin  this  is  one  of  the  most  widely  known  varieties  and  is 
one  of  the  earliest  maturing  in  that  section. 


1916]  YIELDS  CF  DIFFERENT  VARIETIES  OF  CORN  IN  ILLINOIS  423 

Golden  King  was  first  selected  thirty  years  ago  from  a  variety 
known  as  Hamm  corn.  Mr.  W.  L.  Mills  of  Putnam  county,  Illinois, 
purchased  seed  of  this  variety  about  twenty  years  ago  and  produced 
a  cross  with  Learning.  For  about  ten  years  Mr.  Mills  has  grown  this 
hybrid  corn  with  success.  From  110  to  125  days  are  necessary  for  its 
full  development. 

Golden  Surprise  is  the  result  of  a  hybrid  which  was  originated  in 
1890  by  Mr.  Simon  Bell  and  son,  of  Perry  county,  Ohio.  The\ya- 
riety  was  produced  by  crossing  an  unknown  type  and  a  small-eared, 
amber-colored  corn  known  as  Shoepeg.  This  variety  matures  in  about 
100  days. 

Griffith's  Early  Dent  was  produced  by  Mr.  H.  K.  Smith,  after 
whom  it  was  named  Smith 's  Yellow  Dent.  It  is  the  result  of  a  cross  of 
Pride  of  the  North  and  a  variety  known  as  Coe,  which  was  brought 
from  Ohio  about  sixty  years  ago.  The  variety  produced  by  the  cross 
mentioned  matures  in  about  95  to  100  days,  and  is  a  yellow  corn,  larger 
than  Pride  of  the  North.  After  Mr.  Smith's  death,  Mr.  W.  G.  Griffith 
took  charge  of  the  improvement  of  this  variety  and  changed  the  name 
to  Griffith's  Early  Dent. 

Learning  is  said  to  be  the  oldest  improved  variety  of  corn.  It  was 
originated  by  Mr.  J.  S.  Learning  of  Wilmington,  Ohio,  in  1826.  At 
that  time  Mr.  Learning  began  selecting  seed  from  the  ordinary  yellow 
corn  grown  on  the  Little  Miami  bottoms,  Hamilton  county,  Ohio,  and 
selected  toward  a  standard  type  for  fifty-six  years,  after  which  the 
work  was  continued  by  his  son,  J.  S.  Learning,  Jr.  This  is  a  yellow 
corn  which  matures  in  about  110  days. 

Murdoch's  Telloiv  Dent  is  a  favorite  early  corn  for  southern  Wis- 
consin, where,  it  is  said,  this  variety  has  been  grown  longer  than  any- 
other.    It  has  been  improved  by  the  University  of  Wisconsin  and  by 
farmers  of  the  state  until  it  has  reached  a  rather  high  degree  of  pro- 
ductivity. 

Perrine's  White  Pearl  has  been 'grown  for  about  twelve  years  by 
Mr.  G.  D.  Perrine  and  sons  of  Marion  county,  Illinois.  The  original 
seed  was  purchased  from  a  dealer  in  Coles  county.  Usually  this  va- 
riety matures  in  115  to  125  days. 

Reid's  Telloiv  Dent  was  originated  by  Mr.  Robert  Reid,  who,  in 

1846,  brought  a  rather  late  maturing  variety  known  as  Gordon  Hop- 
kins corn,  from  Brown  county,   Ohio,  to  Tazewell  county,  Illinois. 
This  corn  was  reddish  colored,  and  was  widely  grown  in  the  vicinity 
in  which  Mr.  Reid  lived.    The  seed  was  planted  near  Delavan,  Illinois, 
late  in  the  spring  of  1846,  and  a  fair  yield  of  immature  corn  was 
harvested.    From  this,  seed  was  selected  for  the  following  crop,  but 
on  account  of  immaturity  a  poor  stand  resulted.     In  the  spring  of 

1847,  missing  hills  were  replanted  with  seed  of  a  little  yellow  corn,  a 
rather   early-maturing  variety   grown   quite   generally   in   Tazewell 
county  at  that  time.     By  this  replanting  it  is  supposed  that  a  cross 


424  BULLETIN  No.  191 

was  produced  between  the  two  varieties.  Seed  from  this  crop  fur- 
nished the  foundation  for  Reid's  Yellow  Dent,  which  has  been  in  the 
hands  of  members  of  the  Reid  family  until  very  recently.  It  ma- 
tures in  about  110  to  120  days. 

Riley's  Favorite  was  originated  in  1883  by  Mr.  James  Riley  of 
Indiana,  who  developed  Boone  County  White.  It  is  the  result  of  a 
cross  between  Golden  Yellow,  a  large,  late  corn,  and  Pride  of  the 
North,  a  small,  early  corn.  As  a  rule,  100  to  110  days  are  required  for 
maturing. 

Silvermine,  later  known  as  Iowa  Silvermine,  was  originated  by 
Mr.  J.  H.  Beagley  of  Ford  county,  Illinois,  from  seed  selected  from 
a  prize-winning  exhibit  of  white  corn  at  the  Ford  County  Farmers' 
Institute  in  1890.  After  sufficient  corn  had  been  grown  to  plant  a 
twenty-acre  field,  the  crop  was  sold  to  the  Iowa  Seed  Company,  who 
named  the  variety  Iowa  Silvermine,  and  sold  large  quantities  of  the 
.seed  to  Illinois  farmers.  This  variety  has  been  developed  by  selection, 
and  no  crossing  or  mixing  of  varieties  has  ocurred.  It  is  a  white  corn, 
and  requires  100  to  110  days  for  maturing. 

Strout's  Red  was  developed  from -a  variety  called  Molasses.  Origi- 
nally the  color  ranged  from  deep  red  to  almost  black.  Some  ears  were 
dingy  white.  Mr.  E.  J.  Strout,  of  LaSalle  county,  Illinois,  has  given 
this  variety  special  attention  during  the  last  sixteen  years.  It  matures 
in  100  to  105  days. 

Button's  Favorite  was  introduced  into  Marion  county  from  Cass 
county,  Illinois,  by  Mr.  T.  N.  Sutton,  in  about  1875.  The  variety  has 
not  been  materially  changed  from  the  time  of  its  early  introduction. 
Details  of  the  early  history  of  this  corn  are  very  meager,  but  the  par- 
ent strain  seems  to  have  been  known  as  Faulkner.  It  is  a  white  corn 
and  matures  in  about  115  to  125  days. 

Western  Plowman  and  Will  County  Favorite  were  originated  about 
twenty  years  ago  by  Mr.  William  Green  and  Mr.  William  Webb.  These 
men  were  seeking  an  early-maturing  corn  which  would  be  suitable  for 
conditions  in  Will  county,  Illinois.  Mr.  Green  was  at  that  time  grow- 
ing a  rather  coarse  yellow  corn  which  he  called  Western  Plowman. 
This  strain  was  late,  but  it  was  a  heavy  yielder  when  the  seasons 
were  long  enough  for  full  maturing.  Mr.  Webb  was  growing  a  variety 
known  as  Golden  Yellow  Dent.  This  was  an  attractive  early  corn, 
but  the  ears  were  very  small.  Western  Plowman,  Golden  Yellow  Dent, 
and  a  variety  known  as  Edmond's  were  mixed,  and  grown  so  that 
crossing  would  result,  and  from  the  harvest  of  this  triple  combination 
Mr.  Green  and  Mr.  Webb  each  took  a  half -bushel  of  seed.  The  former 
assigned  to  his  strain  the  name  of  Western  Plowman,  and  the  latter, 
Will  County  Favorite.  Both  men  afterwards  continued  to  select  and 
breed  the  corn  until  the  strains  were  properly  developed.  Both  va- 
rieties are  yellow  and  mature  fairly  early. 


-65 


7 


i 


f        ' 


UNIVERSITY  OF  ILLINOIS-URBANA 


